Professional nursing practice environment from students' perspective in COVID-19 / Ambiente de prática profissional em enfermagem na perspectiva de estudantes na COVID-19 / Ambiente de práctica profesional de enfermería por la perspectiva de estudiantes en el COVID-19

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o ambiente da prática profissional em enfermagem na perspectiva de estudantes no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19. Métodos Estudo transversal, realizado com amostra por conveniência de 43 estudantes da última série do bacharelado em Enfermagem de uma universidade federal, localizada no município de São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Variáveis de caracterização: gênero, etnia, idade, local de estágio e um questionamento se já trabalharam e/ou realizam estágio extracurricular na área. Aplicou-se o Instrumento Practice Environment Scale - versão brasileira validada, composto de 24 itens e 5 subescalas. Os dados foram analisados com estatística descritiva e inferencial por meio dos testes: Kruskal Wallis, ANOVA, Tukey, t-student e Mann Whitney. Foi realizada a análise de regressão logística. Considerou-se como nível de significância de p<0,005. Resultados A Subescala 3 "adequação da equipe e de recursos" foi a única que apresentou média desfavorável (53,49%). A variável "ter trabalhado e/ou realizado estágio extracurricular" mostrou-se estatisticamente significante na Subescala 2 "habilidade, liderança e suporte dos coordenadores/supervisores de enfermagem aos enfermeiros/equipe de enfermagem" (p=0,003). Na média geral, os estudantes avaliaram o ambiente como favorável (p<0,001). Conclusão Apesar do contexto, a maioria dos estudantes avaliaram o ambiente como favorável. A variável "ter trabalhado e/ou realizado estágio extracurricular" foi estatisticamente significativa. A capacitação das lideranças, o fortalecimento de programas de educação continuada e o envolvimento dos enfermeiros nas atividades, resoluções de problemas e comissões internas da instituição, são considerados preâmbulos para ofertar uma assistência qualificada dentro de um ambiente de prática profissional próximo do favorável.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar el ambiente de la práctica profesional de enfermería por la perspectiva de estudiantes en el contexto de la pandemia del COVID-19. Métodos Estudio transversal, realizado con muestra por conveniencia de 43 estudiantes del último año del grado de Enfermería de una universidad federal, ubicada en el municipio de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. Variables de caracterización: género, etnia, edad, lugar de la pasantía y un interrogante sobre si ya trabajaron o realizan una pasantía extracurricular en el área. Se aplicó el Instrumento Practice Environment Scale - versión brasileña validada, compuesto por 24 ítems y 5 subescalas. Los datos fueron analizados con estadística descriptiva e inferencial por medio de las pruebas: Kruskal Wallis, ANOVA, Tukey, t-student y Mann Whitney. Se realizó el análisis de regresión logística. Se consideró un nivel de significación de p<0,005. Resultados La Subescala 3 "adecuación del equipo y de recursos" fue la única que presentó un promedio desfavorable (53,49 %). La variable "haber trabajado o realizado una pasantía extracurricular" se mostró estadísticamente significante en la Subescala 2 "habilidad, liderazgo y suporte de los coordinadores/supervisores de enfermería a los enfermeros/equipo de enfermería" (p=0,003). En el promedio general, los estudiantes evaluaron al ambiente como favorable (p<0,001). Conclusión Pese al contexto, la mayoría de los estudiantes evaluaron al ambiente como favorable. La variable "haber trabajado o realizado una pasantía extracurricular" fue estadísticamente significante. La capacitación de los liderazgos, el fortalecimiento de programas de educación continua y la participación de los enfermeros en las actividades, resoluciones de problemas y comisiones internas de la institución, son considerados preámbulos para brindar una asistencia calificada dentro de un ambiente de práctica profesional próxima a lo favorable.

Abstract Objective To assess the professional nursing practice environment from the perspective of students in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Cross-sectional study conducted with a convenience sample of 43 students attending the last grade of the Nursing Undergraduate course at a federal university located in the city of São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Characterization variables: sex, ethnicity, age, place of internship and a question on whether they have worked and/or did an extracurricular internship in the area. The Practice Environment Scale - Brazilian validated version, consisting of 24 items and five subscales, was applied. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the following tests: Kruskal Wallis, ANOVA, Tukey, t-student and Mann Whitney. Logistic regression analysis was performed. A significance level of p<0.005 was considered. Results Subscale 3 "Staffing and resource adequacy" was the only one with an unfavorable mean (53.49%). The variable "having worked and/or done an extracurricular internship" was statistically significant in Subscale 2 "Nurse manager ability, leadership and support of nurses" (p=0.003). On overall mean, students rated the environment as favorable (p<0.001). Conclusion Despite the context, most students rated the environment as favorable. The variable "having worked and/or done an extracurricular internship" was statistically significant. The training of leaders, the strengthening of continuing education programs and involvement of nurses in activities, problem solving and internal committees of the institution are considered preambles to offer qualified care within a close to favorable environment of professional practice.

Nurses' practice environment before and during the COVID-19 pandemic / Ambiente de prática dos enfermeiros antes e durante a pandemia de COVID-19 / Ambiente de práctica de enfermeros antes y durante la pandemia de COVID-19

Resumo Objetivo Comparar a percepção do ambiente de prática profissional dos enfermeiros antes e durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Métodos Estudo descritivo, tipo survey realizado em um hospital acreditado, situado no município de São Paulo - SP. Os enfermeiros foram convidados a responderem o instrumento Practice Environment Scale versão brasileira, em dois momentos: 10 meses antes da pandemia (Grupo 1) e seis meses após o início do atendimento de pacientes com a COVID-19 (Grupo 2). Foi adotado o nível de significância de p≤0,05 e empregado o teste de hipótese não-paramétrico Mann-Whitney para comparação entre dois grupos não pareados. Resultados O Grupo 1 foi composto por 55 enfermeiros e o Grupo 2 por 53. Todas as subescalas apresentaram médias superiores a 2,5, variando entre 2,8 a 3,3 no Grupo I e 3,0 a 3,4 no Grupo 2. As subescalas Habilidade, liderança e suporte dos coordenadores/ supervisores de enfermagem aos enfermeiros/ equipe de enfermagem; Adequação da equipe e de recursos e Relações de trabalho positivas entre médicos e enfermeiros foram melhor avaliadas no período pandêmico, com diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p = 0,05; 0,04 e 0,04, respectivamente). Conclusão O ambiente de prática profissional do enfermeiro foi classificado como favorável nos dois momentos, mas apresentou melhores resultados durante a pandemia.

Resumen Objetivo Comparar la percepción del ambiente de práctica profesional de los enfermeros antes y durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos Estudio descriptivo, tipo survey realizado en un hospital acreditado, ubicado en el municipio de São Paulo, estado de São Paulo. Los enfermeros fueron invitados a responder el instrumento Practice Environment Scale versión brasileña, en dos momentos: 10 meses antes de la pandemia (Grupo 1) y seis meses después del inicio de la atención de pacientes con COVID-19 (Grupo 2). Se adoptó el nivel de significancia de p≤0,05 y se utilizó la prueba de hipótesis no paramétrica Mann-Whitney para comparación entre dos grupos no pareados. Resultados El Grupo 1 estuvo compuesto por 55 enfermeros y el Grupo 2 por 53. Todas las subescalas presentaron promedios superiores a 2,5, que variaron entre 2,8 y 3,3 en el Grupo 1, y entre 3,0 y 3,4 en el Grupo 2. Las subescalas Habilidad, liderazgo y apoyo de los coordinadores/supervisores de enfermería a los enfermeros/equipo de enfermería; Adaptación del equipo y de los recursos, y Relaciones laborales positivas entre médicos y enfermeros fueron mejor evaluadas en el período pandémico, con diferencias estadísticamente significantes (p = 0,05; 0,04 y 0,04, respectivamente). Conclusión El ambiente de práctica profesional de enfermeros fue clasificado como favorable en los dos momentos, pero presentó mejores resultados durante la pandemia.

Abstract Objective To compare nurses' perception of the professional practice environment before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Descriptive, survey-type study conducted in an accredited hospital located in the city of São Paulo - SP. Nurses were invited to answer the Brazilian version of the Practice Environment Scale instrument in two moments: ten months before the pandemic (Group 1) and six months after the start of care for patients with COVID-19 (Group 2). A significance level of p≤0.05 was adopted and the Mann-Whitney non-parametric hypothesis test was used to compare two unpaired groups. Results Group 1 consisted of 55 nurses and Group 2 of 53. All subscales had means above 2.5, ranging from 2.8 to 3.3 in Group 1 and 3.0 to 3.4 in Group 2. The subscales Nurse manager ability, leadership and support to nurses; Staffing and resource adequacy; and Collegial nurse-physician relations were better evaluated in the pandemic period, with statistically significant differences (p = 0.05; 0.04 and 0.04, respectively). Conclusion Although nurse's professional practice environment was classified as favorable at both times, results were better during the pandemic.

TECHNOLOGYforALL 2022

TECHNOLOGYforALL 2022, the seventh edition, has concluded. Despite the Orange Weather Alen issued by the Lazio Region and the Municipality of Rome and after the two-year stop due to COVID, wanted because it would not have been appropriate to create an online-only event, we managed to carry on an event that proved to be of great interest, but above all useful for creating and expand-ing networks of contacts, which would have remained unreachable at a distance. We are already looking for a new location for the next edition: in fact we attended the Full Contact Meeting, by kind invitation, where we presented our event and received numer-ous positive feedbacks on the potential and future of the TFA.

Nursing work environments during covid-19: contributions to develop a technological tool / Ambientes de trabalho de enfermagem durante a covid-19: contribuições para desenvolver uma ferramenta tecnológica / Ambientes de trabajo de enfermería durante covid-19: contribuciones para desarrollar una herramienta tecnológica

Objetivo: avaliar o impacto da COVID-19 nos ambientes de trabalho de enfermagem e desenvolver uma ferramenta tecnológica para avaliar sistematicamente a qualificação desses contextos. Método: pesquisa de método misto realizada em seis hospitais portugueses, com participação de 442 enfermeiros. Utilizou-se um questionário com caracterização sociodemográfica e profissional, a Scale for the Environments Evaluation of Professional Nursing Practice e questões abertas. Resultados: a COVID-19 teve impacto negativo nos componentes Estrutura (ƿ<0,001), Processo (ƿ<0,001) e Resultado (ƿ=0,009) dos ambientes de trabalho de enfermagem. A monitorização da qualidade dos ambientes de trabalho foi apontada como uma estratégia de melhoria. A ferramenta tecnológica desenvolvida permite identificar precocemente as dimensões mais fragilizadas e priorizar melhorias. Conclusão: a COVID-19 repercutiu negativamente nos ambientes de trabalho. A ferramenta tecnológica construída, que tornou mais dinâmica a avaliação dos ambientes de trabalho, além de garantir o envolvimento dos enfermeiros, constitui uma importante ferramenta de gestão.

Objetivo: evaluar el impacto de COVID-19 en los entornos de trabajo de enfermería y desarrollar una herramienta tecnológica para evaluar sistemáticamente la calificación de estos contextos. Método: investigación de método mixto realizada en seis hospitales portugueses, con participación de 442 enfermeros. Se utilizó un cuestionario con caracterización sociodemográfica y profesional, la Scale for the Environments Evaluation of Professional Nursing Practice y cuestiones abiertas. Resultados: La COVID-19 tuvo impacto negativo en los componentes Estructura (ƿ<0,001), Proceso (ƿ<0,001) y Resultado (ƿ=0,009) de los ambientes de trabajo de enfermería. La monitorización de la calidad de los entornos de trabajo fue apuntada como una estrategia de mejora. La herramienta tecnológica desarrollada permite identificar precozmente las dimensiones más fragilizadas y priorizar mejoras. Conclusión: COVID-19 tuvo un impacto negativo en los entornos de trabajo. La herramienta tecnológica construida, que hizo más dinámica la evaluación de los ambientes de trabajo, además de garantizar la participación de los enfermeros, constituye una importante herramienta de gestión.

Objective: to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on nursing work environments and to develop a technological tool to assess systematically the qualification of these contexts. Method: mixed method research conducted in six Portuguese hospitals, with the participation of 442 nurses. The questionnaire used contained sociodemographic and professional characterization, which was the Scale for the Environments Evaluation of Professional Nursing Practice and open questions. Results: COVID-19 had a negative impact on the components Structure (ƿ<0,001), Process (ƿ<0,001) and Result (ƿ=0,009) of nursing work environments. The monitoring of the quality of the work environments was pointed out as an improvement strategy. The technological tool developed allows identifying the most fragile dimensions early and prioritizing improvements. Final considerations: COVID-19 had a negative impact on work environments. The technological tool built, which made the evaluation of work environments more dynamic, in addition to ensuring the involvement of nurses, is an important management tool.

Consideraciones en torno a un nuevo cosmopolitismo ambiental en el mundo post pandemia

El objetivo del artículo es encaminar una reflexión crítica y decolonial sobre los desafíos y las alternativas de la gobernanza del riesgo en el contexto de la pandemia por el virus SARS-CoV-2. El documento inicia con una invitación a pensar la actual crisis del multilateralismo como primer paso para problematizar el surgimiento del Covid-19 y sus efectos en los marcos institucionales de la política global. Para entender las implicaciones de la pandemia en la configuración de los esquemas de gobernanza actuales, se hace referencia a un conjunto de literatura sobre riesgo e incertidumbre en períodos caracterizados por la emergencia de las transiciones sostenibles. Se profundiza en la idea de geografía de conocimiento, colocada por la ecología política, para exponer las imbricaciones profundas entre la colonialidad del saber y la construcción de conocimiento sobre gobernanza del riesgo. Desde el punto de vista de su abordaje teórico-metodológico, entendemos esta reflexión como “siendo parte” de un ejercicio de imaginación sociológica que busca contribuir a la construcción de futuros posibles, en los que se disponga de espacios seguros para la reproducción de la vida y la biodiversidad. De lo que se trata es de promover relaciones distintas entre ciencias, conocimientos y saberes, con el objetivo de garantizar el ejercicio de prácticas ciudadanas y subjetividades diversas, en un contexto pluralista y de pleno reconocimiento de derechos. Como parte de las consideraciones finales se argumenta que el Covid-19 representa una oportunidad importante para pensar en un nuevo cosmopolitismo ambiental, en capacidad de conducir estas ideas al terreno político por medio de los movimientos sociales que podrían estar tomando forma en la atención local de la emergencia.Alternate : The paper aims to guide a critical and decolonial reflection on the challenges and alternatives of risk governance in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic that may contribute to improving sustainable development policy. We propose the current crisis of multilateralism as a first step to problematize the emergence of Covid-19 and its effects on the institutional frameworks of global policy. A sustainable transition approach is used to understand the implications of the pandemic in the configuration of current governance schemes, by focusing on risk and uncertainty issues during critical periods. The idea of ​​geography of knowledge, established by political ecology, is explored to expose the deep entanglements between the coloniality of knowledge and the construction of knowledge on risk governance. These analytical tools are key in the study of sustainability and its implications for participation and social inclusion on development processes. From the point of view of its theoretical-methodological approach, we understand this reflection as “being part” of an exercise of sociological imagination that seeks to contribute to the construction of possible futures, in which there are safe spaces for the reproduction of life and biodiversity. The reconfiguration of public spaces for deliberation and collective actions needs to be considered in order to improve this debate. New relationships between science, formal knowledge and local knowledge should be considered in order to guarantee the exercise of civic practices and diverse subjectivities, in a pluralistic context with full recognition of rights. As part of the final considerations, it is argued that Covid-19 presents an important opportunity to think about a new environmental cosmopolitanism, able to address these ideas to the political arena through social movements.

Teaching Trade during COVID: Conducting a WTO Simulation through Remote Delivery

In Fall 2020, all universities in Alberta went with remote delivery of classes due to COVID-19 restrictions. This provided not only teaching challenges, but also opportunities. Professors at three Canadian universities teaching similar undergraduate courses in international political economy decided to use the challenges/opportunities of COVID-19 restrictions to experiment with a World Trade Organization (WTO) simulation across three campuses through remote delivery. Simulations are frequently used for teaching in political science, but what was unusual was doing it through remote delivery. This paper assesses the effectiveness of the experiment. It traces the origins/evolution of the idea, learning objectives for the students, preparation by the professors to design the WTO simulation, and the experience of the actual simulation. It also addresses the challenges (technological, timing, assignments, grading, student anxiety, etc.). In addition, it identifies the steps that were taken to reduce and mitigate the challenges. It also acknowledges the mistakes that were made by the professors in designing and implementing the assignment. These observations and reflections are informed by the materials that the professors prepared, their thoughts on the experience, and the feedback from participating students (through official student evaluations as well as a special survey instrument). It provides lessons for future online simulations.

COVID-19 and zoonoses in Brazil: Environmental scan of one health preparedness and response.

The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic reinforced the central role of the One Health (OH) approach, as a multisectoral and multidisciplinary perspective, to tackle health threats at the human-animal-environment interface. This study assessed Brazilian preparedness and response to COVID-19 and zoonoses with a focus on the OH approach and equity dimensions. We conducted an environmental scan using a protocol developed as part of a multi-country study. The article selection process resulted in 45 documents: 79 files and 112 references on OH; 41 files and 81 references on equity. The OH and equity aspects are poorly represented in the official documents regarding the COVID-19 response, either at the federal and state levels. Brazil has a governance infrastructure that allows for the response to infectious diseases, including zoonoses, as well as the fight against antimicrobial resistance through the OH approach. However, the response to the pandemic did not fully utilize the resources of the Brazilian state, due to the lack of central coordination and articulation among the sectors involved. Brazil is considered an area of high risk for emergence of zoonoses mainly due to climate change, large-scale deforestation and urbanization, high wildlife biodiversity, wide dry frontier, and poor control of wild animals' traffic. Therefore, encouraging existing mechanisms for collaboration across sectors and disciplines, with the inclusion of vulnerable populations, is required for making a multisectoral OH approach successful in the country.

La pandemia de la COVID-19 en el radar de las ONG ecologistas: entre lo global y local

La pandemia de la COVID-19 ha supuesto un importante focus de atención para los actores políticos desde su irrupción en los medios en diciembre de 2020, y fue noticia principal a lo largo de varias semanas. ¿Qué ha implicado esto para las ONG del medio ambiente pendientes de otra crisis global como el cambio climático? ¿Cómo ha afectado la forma que tienen de formular y de interpretar los problemas por los cuales abogan? Siendo actores claves a la hora de definir y crear significados en torno a los problemas públicos, este artículo investiga hasta qué punto la pandemia ha supuesto una oportunidad para las ONG ecologistas para difundir y enmarcar temas como el cambio climático. Para responder a estas preguntas se realiza un análisis temático de las noticias publicadas entre enero y diciembre de 2020 por las cinco ONG del sector de mayor tamaño y presencia institucional en España. Se constata que los temas en los cuales han puesto énfasis son aquellos que tienen que ver con las similitudes de la crisis climática y la crisis de la COVID-19 en cuanto a su dimensión global y local. En cambio, al analizar el contenido de las noticias individuales de cada ONG, se observan diferencias importantes en parte relacionadas con su propia identidad organizativa.Alternate : The COVID-19 pandemic has been a major focus of attention for political actors since its emergence in the media in December 2020, making headlines for several weeks. What has this meant for environmental NGOs that are also concerned with another global crisis such as the climate change? How has it affected the way they frame and interpret the issues they advocate? As key actors in the process of defining and creating meanings around public issues, this article investigates the extent to which the pandemic has provided an opportunity for environmental NGOs to disseminate and frame issues such as climate change. In order to answer these questions, a thematic analysis was carried out of the news published by the five NGOs in the sector with the largest size and institutional presence in Spain, between January and December 2020. It is found that emphasis has been placed on topics where similarities exist between the climate crisis and the COVID-19 crisis in terms of their global and local dimensions. On the other hand, important differences can be observed when analyzing the content of the individual news items of each NGO, which are partly related to their own organizational identity.

Collateral impact of COVID-19 on environmental health derived from improper disposition of masks / Impacto colateral del COVID-19 en la salud ambiental derivado de la disposición inadecuada de mascarillas

El uso de mascarillas por parte de la población general como elemento de protección personal frente al COVID-19 se mantuvo en ascenso durante la primera mitad del 2020, en medio de constantes actualizaciones de la OMS acerca del público objetivo, su correcto uso y posibles beneficios, pero donde no se definieron protocolos para el manejo del desecho resultante. Durante el segundo semestre del 2020 la población mundial usaba diariamente 4.300 millones de mascarillas, de las cuales el 78,5% se descartaban de forma incorrecta, llegando a generar un volumen de 2,61 (2,26-2,94; IC=95%) millones de toneladas de desecho diseminadas en el medio ambiente. Los componentes plásticos incorporados en la fabricación de mascarillas como PP, PE y PET pueden tardar 400 años en degradarse en condiciones ambientales, fragmentándose paulatinamente en microplásticos, que afectan a la flora, fauna, agua y suelos de su entorno. Adicionalmente, algunos aditivos sintéticos antioxidantes (AO) usados en la fabricación de plásticos pueden retardar aún más las reacciones de degradación de las mascarillas descartadas hacia el ambiente, aumentando su daño potencial. Se calculó que 216,9 (188,5-245,3; IC=95%) toneladas de AO168, 190 (165,2-214,9; IC=96%) toneladas de AO168O y 442,7 (384,8-500,6; IC=95%) toneladas de AO1010 fueron expuestas al medio ambiente debido a la disposición incorrecta de mascarillas en la segunda mitad de 2020. Aunque la masa conjunta de estos componentes sintéticos sólo representa el 0,017% de las mascarillas desechadas en el mismo lapso, su concentración resulta suficiente para acrecentar el riesgo de daño al ambiente(AU)

The use of masks by the general population as an element of personal protection against COVID-19 continued to rise during the first half of 2020, amid constant updates from the WHO about the target audience, their correct use and possible benefits, but where no protocols were defined for the management of the resulting waste. During the second half of 2020, the world population used 4.3 billion masks daily, of which 78.5% were discarded incorrectly, generating a volume of 2.61 (2.26-2.94; IC = 95%) million tons of waste disseminated in the environment. The plastic components incorporated in the manufacture of masks such as PP, PE and PET can take 400 years to degrade under environmental conditions, gradually fragmenting into microplastics, which affect the flora, fauna, water and soils of their environment. Additionally, some synthetic antioxidant additives (OA) used in the manufacture of plastics can further delay the degradation reactions of discarded masks into the environment, increasing their potential damage. It was calculated that 216.9 (188.5-245.3; IC = 95%) tons of AO168, 190 (165.2-214.9; IC = 96%) tons of AO168O and 442.7 (384.8 -500.6; IC = 95%) tons of AO1010 were exposed to the environment due to the incorrect disposal of masks in the second half of 2020. Although the combined mass of these synthetic components only represents 0.017% of the masks discarded in the same period, its concentration is sufficient to increase the risk of damage to the environment(AU)

[Factors associated with the incidence and mortality from COVID-19 in the autonomous communities of Spain]. / Factores asociados a la incidencia y la mortalidad por COVID-19 en las comunidades autónomas.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the evolution of the epidemic of COVID-19 after the alarm state and identify factors associated with the differences between the autonomous communities. METHOD: Ecological study that used epidemiological, demographic, environmental and variables on the structure of health services as explanatory variables. The analysis period was from March 15th (the start of the alarm state) until April 22nd, 2020. Incidence and mortality rates were the main response variables. The magnitude of the associations has been estimated using the Spearman correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Incidence and mortality rates at the time of decree of alarm status are associated with current incidence, mortality and hospital demand rates. Higher mean temperatures are significantly associated with a lower current incidence of COVID-19 in the autonomous communities. Likewise, a higher proportion of older people in nursing homes is significantly associated with a higher current mortality in the autonomous communities. CONCLUSION: It is possible to predict the evolution of the epidemic through the analysis of incidence and mortality. Lower temperatures and the proportion of older people in residences are factors associated with a worse prognosis. These parameters must be considered in decisions about the timing and intensity of the implementation of containment measures. In this sense, strengthening epidemiological surveillance is essential to improve predictions.

The relative importance of COVID-19 pandemic impacts on biodiversity conservation globally.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an enormous impact on almost all aspects of human society and endeavor; the natural world and its conservation have not been spared. Through a process of expert consultation, we identified and categorized, into 19 themes and 70 subthemes, the ways in which biodiversity and its conservation have been or could be affected by the pandemic globally. Nearly 60% of the effects have been broadly negative. Subsequently, we created a compendium of all themes and subthemes, each with explanatory text, and in August 2020 a diverse group of experienced conservationists with expertise from across sectors and geographies assessed each subtheme for its likely impact on biodiversity conservation globally. The 9 subthemes ranked highest all have a negative impact. These were, in rank order, governments sidelining the environment during their economic recovery, reduced wildlife-based tourism income, increased habitat destruction, reduced government funding, increased plastic and other solid waste pollution, weakening of nature-friendly regulations and their enforcement, increased illegal harvest of wild animals, reduced philanthropy, and threats to survival of conservation organizations. In combination, these impacts present a worrying future of increased threats to biodiversity conservation but reduced capacity to counter them. The highest ranking positive impact, at 10, was the beneficial impact of wildlife-trade restrictions. More optimistically, among impacts ranked 11-20, 6 were positive and 4 were negative. We hope our assessment will draw attention to the impacts of the pandemic and, thus, improve the conservation community's ability to respond to such threats in the future.

La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto enorme sobre casi todos los aspectos de la sociedad humana y sus proyectos; el mundo natural y su conservación no han sido la excepción. Por medio de un proceso de consultas a expertos, identificamos y categorizamos en 19 temas y 70 subtemas las maneras en las que la biodiversidad y su conservación han sido o podrían ser afectadas mundialmente por la pandemia. Casi el 60% de los efectos han sido claramente negativos. Posteriormente, creamos un compendio de todos los temas y subtemas, cada uno con textos explicativos, para que en agosto de 2020 un grupo diverso de conservacionistas experimentados con conocimiento de todos los sectores y geografías evaluara cada subtema de acuerdo con su probabilidad de impactar sobre la conservación de la biodiversidad en todo el mundo. Los nueve subtemas con la clasificación más alta tienen un impacto negativo. Estos temas son, en orden de clasificación: los gobiernos dejando de lado al ambiente durante su recuperación económica, reducción de los ingresos basados en el turismo de fauna, incremento en la destrucción de hábitat, financiamiento reducido del gobierno, aumento de la contaminación por plásticos y otros desechos sólidos, debilitamiento de las regulaciones en pro de la naturaleza y su aplicación, incremento en la captura ilegal de animales, disminución de la filantropía y amenazas para la supervivencia de las organizaciones de conservación. La combinación de estos impactos representa un futuro preocupante lleno de amenazas para la conservación de la biodiversidad y una capacidad reducida para contrarrestarlas. El impacto positivo con la clasificación más alta, el 10, fue el impacto benéfico de las restricciones en el mercado de fauna. De manera más optimista, entre los impactos clasificados de los lugares del 11 al 20, seis fueron positivos y cuatro fueron negativos. Esperamos que nuestra evaluación enfoque la atención hacia los impactos de la pandemia y así mejore la habilidad de la comunidad conservacionista para responder a tales amenazas en el futuro. Importancia Relativa de los Impactos de la Pandemia de COVID-19 sobre la Conservación Mundial de la Biodiversidad.

The environment, movements, and cardiovascular risk in the COVID-19 pandemic / El ambiente, los desplazamientos y el riesgo cardiovascular en la pandemia de COVID-19

Resumen La pandemia por COVID-19 ha desencadenado un impacto tremendo en la humanidad debido a las implicaciones culturales, económicas y sociales que este tipo de infecciones ha ocasionado. Quizá preguntas iniciales, mirando en retrospectiva corta, acerca de los hechos que comenzaron esta infección, darían una luz para prevenir eventos de esta índole en el futuro. ¿Cuáles fueron las circunstancias que desencadenaron la pandemia?, ¿fue una serie de transmisiones zoonóticas que produjeron la infección en los humanos?, ¿ha tenido algo que ver el ambiente? El desafío de las grandes potencias para mantener la hegemonía, dará curso a una plétora de investigaciones acerca de la biología del virus, las variables epidemiológicas y las enfermedades crónicas de riesgo cardiovascular. En este manuscrito se analizan algunos de estos cuestionamientos.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has had a tremendous impact on humanity due to the cultural, financial, and social implications caused by this type of infection. Perhaps some initial questions, looking at the short-term retrospective, about the facts that started this infection, could shed some light on preventing events of this kind in the future. What were the circumstances that triggered the pandemic? Was it a series of zoonotic transmissions that produced the infection in humans? Is it something to do with the environment? The challenge of the major powers to maintain dominance, will give rise to a plethora of studies on the biology of the virus, the epidemiological variables, and the chronic diseases of cardiovascular risk. Some of these questions are analysed in this article.